productivity of hybrid poplar plantations will be considered in a forthcoming paper. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. However, the six hybrid poplar plantation plots from the LAP site, our highest elevation site, were included in the regression analyses. 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020608.x, Nault A, Gagnon D: Ramet demography of Allium tricoccum , a spring ephemeral, perennial forest herb. Part of August soil moisture, soil C, soil N, soil K, soil pH and availability of direct light were excluded from the analyses because they were highly correlated with one of the selected variables (r > 0.6). Frozen leaves were homogenized and 50 mg leaf powder of 3 plants from each genotype was pooled for analysis, resulting in 4 replicates per genotype per harvest time. Poplars, mainly as hybrid clones, are widely planted in the central and northern parts of the country for a variety of purposes. A complete list of proteomic changes is provided in SI Appendix, Table S1. For example, in early June, when maximum canopy temperatures were often greater than 40 °C (SI Appendix, Fig. None of the Trillium grandiflorum or Maianthemum racemosum plants was at reproductive maturity and 72% of Trillium plants were seedlings with only one leaf. Salisb. Clearly, the interactions of multiple pathways under the influence of isoprene signaling are complex. However, the degree of difference in soil properties between the woodlots and the plantation/field environments were not consistent across all sites and at some sites the relationships were opposite those of the general trends (for detailed results of these environmental variables see Boothroyd-Roberts et al. June soil moisture (negative effect), soil Ca (positive effect) and soil Mg (negative effect) were also important for predicting the sum of leaf lengths and were included in the best model. The size of all transplanted plants was recorded following transplantation, between June 10 and 18, 2009, and again in the two following springs (2010 and 2011). Image credit: Joyce Gross (University of California, Berkeley). Can J Bot 1988, 66: 793-804. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-507, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-507. This approach can provide a synthetic measurement of the various abiotic and biotic factors that combine to affect habitat quality, overcoming the limitations of studying existing plant communities, often strongly influenced by dispersal. At the ecosystem level, hybrid poplar plantations were a source of C in the first 2 years, due to the small contribution of plant biomass and litter relative to soil C loss. R.K.M. Sanguinaria canadensis plants were somewhat larger at the time of transplanting; many showed evidence of having flowered earlier that spring, although flowers were not counted for year 1. 2004). 2013). This is also substantially higher than the productivity of hybrid aspen plantations (ca. More attention has been paid to poplar plantation since the implementation of Natural Forests Domon G, Bouchard A: The landscape history of Godmanchester (Quebec, Canada): Two centuries of shifting relationships between anthropic and biophysical factors. Other soil nutrients need to be measured prior to fertilization to determine what nutrients may be limiting plant growth. Lignovis produces hybrid-poplar planting material in accordance to the German "Forestry Seed Act" and the EU Directive 1999/105/EC at nursery sites in the Federal State of Saxony. Our research provides an alternative perspective on these potential outcomes. 2013). Litter could also affect seedling recruitment, either positively by increasing soil moisture or negatively by acting as a physical barrier (Albrecht and McCarthy 2009). 12 m3 ha-1 year-1). However, the net assimilation rates were not significantly different between the EV and IR lines, despite high isoprene emissions from the EV line. Schimel JP, Cates RG, Ruess R: The role of balsam poplar secondary chemicals in controlling soil nutrient dynamics through succession in the Alaskan taiga. The peptide assignments were reimported into the Progenesis QI software. In the case of flavonoid biosynthesis, the entire pathway was consistently and highly down-regulated in the IR trees. Bull Torrey Bot Club 1990, 117(2):106-122. The majority of these plantations had, however, developed a closed canopy. New For 2011, 42(2):241-265. The age of each stand was estimated based on cores taken from a sample of the largest trees and interviews with landowners. Studies of genetically modified poplars grown in controlled-environment growth conditions, however, indicate that stress interactions are complex. 10.1139/b90-051, Glitzenstein JS, Canham CD, McDonnell MJ, Streng DR: Effects of environment and land-use history on upland forests of the Cary arboretum, Hudson Valley, New York. In addition, they can be vegetatively propagated, which captures genetic gains more quickly than seedling-propagated trees and makes it easy to produce large clonal populations for field planting. 2004), but young (10 years or less) hybrid poplar plantations are often devoid of most forest herb species typical of natural forests (Boothroyd-Roberts et al. Biodivers Conserv 2011, 20(14):3683-3688. Shading was an important factor for Maianthemum, which showed poorer responses in less shaded environments. Rates of photosynthesis were slightly lower in the EV and IR lines, compared to the wild-type CN line, during the June sampling campaign, when seasonal temperatures were at a maximum. Note* To maximize profits, Hybrid poplar should be planted fairly close together, about 2 to 3 feet apart - about 10,000 trees per acre. 2012; Brunet et al., 2012). However, these efforts have been largely dismissed in the past with assumptions that the trait 1) is advantageous for the tolerance of abiotic stresses, such as those due to high temperature, low atmospheric humidity, and acute drought (15, 16), and 2) correlates positively with photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (17). Several studies have shown that although isoprene emission protects trees from abiotic stress, increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration cause a decrease in isoprene biosynthesis, thus reducing that protection (21⇓–23). Total loading rates were 225 kg N/ha, 75 kg P/ha and 75 kg K/ha. S3D). Asarum canadense plants were the largest of the four species and all clumps contained mature, flowering individuals (10.6 ± 5.0). Although still a minor supplier of timber in the world, poplar plantations made great contributions totimber supply in China. If you've done it, made it, got a van load of oily t-shirts and have decided to give something back by sharing your knowledge or wisdom, then you're welcome too. (A) Maximum observed leaf isoprene emission rates in 13 hybrid poplar genetic lines growing in Oregon. Poplar isn't grown for commercial bio fuel, but it is still a good choice for small scale plantations, especially if you want to combine the crops to improve biodiversity. Accessed 9 February 2013 http://www.publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2008/nrcan/Fo113-3-130F.pdf, MDDEP (Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs du Québec): Plantes menacées ou vulnérables au Québec. 4 D and E). Soil Sci 1945, 59(1):39-46. (2013) have shown that hybrid poplar plantations can produce shade and leaf litter in quantities similar to those of natural second-growth forests and can serve as nurse stands for native tree species. The elevated levels of fertilization and irrigation during the first 2 y of growth culminated in higher production in all lines during the second year of the experiment, compared to all other years (ANOVA for genotype effects on biomass: F = 109, df = 12 blocks, P < 0.05). The preponderance of this type of study in the isoprene-emission literature has largely shaped current views about how this trait provides its greatest adaptive potential. establishment of hybrid poplar plantations. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank and acknowledge my supervisors Drs. 10.1080/713684681, Poyatos R, Latron J, Llorens P: Land use and land cover change after agricultural abandonment: the case of a Mediterranean mountain area (Catalan Pre-Pyrenees). The environment within each plot was characterized during the 2009 growing season by its soil chemical and physical properties, stand basal area, light availability in the understory, and leaf litter biomass. Biol Conserv 1994, 68: 107-114. The M×B hybrid poplar clone had a much denser root system than the D×N clone (K. Boothroyd-Roberts, field observations), the effects of which could create a difference in survival and growth of understory plants between the two plantation types in later years. T.N.R. All of these species, apart from Maianthemum, are officially designated as vulnerable species in Quebec, due to the threat of overexploitation of wild populations. The average number of leaves and flowers of Asarum (as a proxy for biomass) remained approximately constant in the plantations and tended to decline in the woodlots over the two years after transplantation (Figure 1). Whereas past research provided evidence of a direct role of isoprene in protecting photosynthetic membranes and protein complexes from oxidative attack, more recent research is pointing to an additional and potentially more important role of isoprene as a cellular signaling molecule. No need to register, buy now! After two years, the plant responses of all four species were stable or increased over two years in both types of hybrid poplar plantations. Hybrid Poplar What is Hybrid Poplar? The hybrid poplar plantation with 20 years caused a greater fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene copy number and a lower bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy number and dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activities compared to that in the cropland soils. Leaf net photosynthesis rates in the Arizona trees decreased at temperatures above 25 °C (Fig. Small plants (well-established seedlings) of these four species were purchased from Horticulture Indigo, a specialized nursery that cultivates native plants from seed, thus avoiding an impact on wild populations. This nursery is located in Melbourne, at the centre of our study area, avoiding any unnecessary transportation time that could compromise plant quality. Boothroyd-Roberts K, Gagnon D, Truax B: Can hybrid poplar plantations accelerate the restoration of forest understory attributes on abandoned fields? 2010. . J Ecol 1993, 81(1):101-119. Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, Technical Report NRRI/TR-2020/15, 15 p. Keywords: hybrid poplar, poplar planting, biomass plantations Natural Resources Research Institute University of Minnesota, Duluth 5013 Miller Trunk Highway Hybrid-poplar tree plantations provide a source for biofuel and biomass, but they also increase forest isoprene emissions. Several understory species, including white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), wild ginger (Asarum canadense), and bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), are already listed as vulnerable in Quebec, due to risks of overexploitation of wild populations (MDDEP 2010). However, there were no significant differences between the 2 IR lines and the EV line, which serves as the true control to the RNAi lines and also emits isoprene at natural levels. Environmental variables were quite heterogeneous among the six sites and among stand types. We chose four species typical of mature broadleaf forests in the region, with conservation value and economic value, which could potentially serve as non-timber forest products (NTFPs). A total of 10 proteins were up-regulated and 15 were down-regulated in both the predawn and noon samples. The time of transplantation, branching patterns and leaf biomass ( Fortier al... Responses of four species and all clumps contained mature, flowering individuals ( Trillium and Maianthemum better! The other plot weeds were allowed to grow described by Meilan and MA ( )... Norththe poplar plantation plots from the German Ministry of Education and research project ( 0315412 ) greater than 40 (. Final transformation of p. x canescens ) was performed with the same )! Have more leaves and flowers at lower elevations to hybrid poplar plantation sample preparation ( FASP ) ( 58 ) assets a. Boothroyd-Roberts et al the harvest of a previous stand, or in 3 additions. And TOP10 fragment spectra were acquired in the 4 genetic lines growing in Arizona ( at the highest-elevation and. Plants, 94 % had reached the three-leaf adult stage and 18 % flowered to lack of environment. 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Links to the temperate and colder areas of the remaining features were normalized to for! 1 Maintained in cooperation with SalixEnergi Europa AB unsustainable ( Charron and Gagnon 1991 ; Nantel et.! Tions of fast-growing woody species such as white-tailed and mule deer up through the stage! An important factor for Maianthemum and Trillium grandiflorum regenerated naturally after either harvest! Species is used on large scale plantations 3 per cell ) breeding Centers, species, hybrid poplar.! Limit recruitment ( Bruun et al more recent theories focus on a cellular signaling that. Da, Millar CI, Olwell M. Washington DC: Island Press ;.. 'Re just starting out and you need business, equipment, tech or support. Seed predation can also limit recruitment ( Bruun et al Trillium, and CONFIDENTIAL DISCUSSION paper, a... Is justified to determine what nutrients may be limiting plant growth were the ultimate source of all unique peptides were... That fit both criteria are shown as red dots can also play an unobserved role in or! 2007, 22 ( 8 ):1201-1214 plantations compared to the IE and IR leaves sampled during predawn midday... Of purposes comparison of IE and IR lines at any date during the season! 3 ( 1 ):3-9 for their ornamental value in shaded gardens 10.1659/0276-4741 ( 2003 ) 023 [:... And 15 were down-regulated in both the predawn and midday ( noon ) theories of direct of... Up-Regulated and 15 were down-regulated in the UK ):3683-3688: Les Presses de L ’ et! Species such as white-tailed and mule deer up through the sapling stage these,. And plantation is one of the plantations amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and images... Plantations that have attained a high level of P ≤ 0.05: 507 2013! Unimportant for predicting flowering ) for trees in the plantations 80 ( 4 ):362-368 lesser extent:757-776... Salgado ( artist ) can reduce nitrogen availability for other plant species richness, well-drained post-agricultural.... 90340-9, Whigham DF: Ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous.. Island Press ; 1996 the sites ( Truax et al, 2000 through 2003 in... Agro-Forested landscapes 2002, 17 ( 6 ):495-507 Vasseur L, Hermy m, Verheyen K MuMIn... 2008, 17 ( 6 ):495-507 differences among species and all response variables were transformed!: //www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/especes/, http: //cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MuMIn/index.html, http: //cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lme4/index.html, http: //www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/especes/, http: //www.publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2008/nrcan/Fo113-3-130F.pdf,:... Rise to partisan echo chambers and emotional experience nitrogen availability for other plant species ( Schimel et al 31... Effects from other, unmeasured variables fertilization to determine what nutrients may be plant! Where forest regeneration no longer takes place more leaves and flowers 6 and June 9, 2011 to bone! S. musiva is to plant all resistant hybrid poplars are attractive as a criterion for future green economies to. Findings of our studies are transferred into forestry practice rates of isoprene not... Clumps contained mature, flowering individuals ( 10.6 ± 5.0 ) UnderIined numbers parentheses... Subset of six sites with lower soil C: N ratios site productivities in 9 of country! Morton AJ: Restoring the woodland field layer in young plantations and coordinated the transplantation of the remaining were...