Functional groups are groups of atoms found within molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions characteristic of those molecules. Chemical compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are hydrocarbons. Any serious student should memorize as many as they can. The main functional groups for AS Chemistry are shown below. 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It can be noted that many nitrogen-containing functional groups with comparatively large sizes have not been mentioned in the tabular column given above, the pyridine derivatives with the formula RC5H4N, for example. The properties of the functional groups containing a carbon-oxygen bond are entirely dependant on the hybridization of the carbon-oxygen bond. Aldehydes are made up of carbon and oxygen double-bonded together and hydrogen bonded to the carbon. In this class we will treat these C-H bonds as effectively nonpolar covalent bonds. For example, since sugar and water both contain the -OH (hydroxyl) group, sugar can be easily dissolved in water. These groups play an important role in the formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Following is the table of the common functional groups you will encounter in … This list covers several common functional groups, but there are many more because organic chemistry is everywhere. Required fields are marked *. These, as the name suggests, are compounds that consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydroxy groups link biological molecules together via dehydration reactions. To learn more about functional groups, including functional groups that contain sulfur, phosphorus, or boron, register with BYJU’S and download the mobile app on your smartphone. What are Functional Groups?Recommended VideosRole of Functional GroupsNomenclature of Common Functional Groups. Class Functional group/name Suffix Examples Formula alkane C - C ane ethane CnH2n+2 alkene C = C Alkenyl ene ethene CnH2n alkyne C ≡ C Alkynyl yne ethyne CnH2n-2 alcohol O-H Hydroxyl ol ethanol CnH2n+1OH ether C – O - C Ether oxyalkane methoxymethane R –O -R ketone O ‖ C – C - C Carbonyl one propanone CnH2nO or … Amides are a combination of a carbonyl group and an amine functional group. So far, the structure of alkaline oxides is still unclear, and there is much controversy in this regard. Ex­am­ples are tropy­lium and triph­enyl­methyl cations and the cy­clopen­ta­di­enylanion. For organic chemistry, functional groups are unique groups of atoms within molecules, which are responsible for those molecules’ characteristic chemical reactions. Nitrogen-Containing Functional GroupsThe substituent groups that contain nitrogen may also contain carbon-oxygen bonds. When classifying functional groups, we look at both the specific atoms present, as well as the manner in which they are connected to This is the general structure of the thiol functional group. Functional groups are groups of atoms in hydrocarbons which are responsible for their chemical properties. Functional Groups are a “particular grouping of components in which the distinctive chemical reactions of these molecules are accountable”. The functional groups are mainly classified into acidic and basic functional groups. There are also a large num­ber of branched or ring alka­nes that have spe­cific names, e.g., tert-butyl, bornyl, cy­clo­hexyl, etc. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. These groups play a significant role in forming molecules such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. This is the general structure of the amide functional group. Your email address will not be published. If you want to skip the nitty-gritty, if you want to jump straight into the deep water and get your sweat on with workouts, go no further and check out this list we put together of the 10 functional fitness workouts. The knowledge of some basic functional groups and how they react would give us tremendous leverage to tackle the problem of predicting chemical reactivity in organic chemistry. IB Chemistry on Organic nomenclature and functional groups. Groups of atoms within a molecule that have a consistent and specific behavior are called functional groups. Functional group, any of numerous combinations of atoms that form parts of chemical molecules, that undergo characteristic reactions themselves, and that in many cases influence the reactivity of the remainder of each molecule. These functional groups are bound to a hydrocarbon structure denoted R. functional groups hydrocarbons organic Functional Groups. Phenyl groups are often denoted by the abbreviation Ph in structures and formulas. Usually the results is a binary fingerprint, but the "-xs" option below prints out the names of the matching patterns. This is the general structure of a hydroxyl functional group. Definition of Carboxyl Group in Chemistry, Chemistry Vocabulary Terms You Should Know, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. When these groups are attached to molecules, they convert the molecule into either complexions or polyatomic ions. This is the general structure of the carboxyl functional group. Covalent bonds link the atoms within functional groups and connect them to the rest of the molecule. Your email address will not be published. While hydroxyl groups are not highly reactive, they do readily form hydrogen bonds and tend to make molecules that contain them soluble in water. The carboxyl group is an ester where one substituent R is a hydrogen atom. The methyl group is the only non-polar functional group in our class list above. List and define the three fields. The aldehyde group is polar. For example, the same compound, fluoromethane (CH. If the functional groups of the solute and the solvent interact well, the solubility increases. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. The beta-Methylamino-L-alanine molecule has the amino functional group. Under neutral conditions (pH = 7), the amino group of an amino acid carries the +1 charge, giving an amino acid a positive charge at the amino portion of the molecule. Functional Groups, in the field of organic chemistry, are the substituent atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to specific molecules. The suffixes used in the nomenclature of compounds which have a functional group containing a C-O bond are tabulated below along with examples. It can be noted that only a few, common functional groups containing the carbon-oxygen bond are tabulated above. 1 answer. Haloalkanes, or alkyl halides, are the functional groups which contain a bond between a  carbon atom and a halogen. Fortunately, organic chemicals consist of a relatively few similar parts, combined in different ways, that allow us to predict how a compound we have never seen before may react, by comparing how other molecules containing the same types of parts are known to react. The amino group is NH2, but under acidic conditions, it gains a proton and becomes NH3+. These moieties (the part of the molecule which can be found in many other molecules as well) are responsible for the chemical reactions that the molecule th… Hy­dro­car­bons may form charged struc­tures: pos­i­tively charged car­bo­ca­tions or neg­a­tive car­ban­ions. The atoms of functional groups are bound by covalent bonds with one another and with the rest of the molecule. No matter the size of the molecule, the same functional group will undergo the same or identical chemical reaction(s). Here is a list of the more important functional groups arranged in decreasing priority order for a nomenclature perspective. The ester group is another bridge group consisting of a carbonyl group connected to an ether group. However, they may vary in the types of bonds between two carbon atoms, such as double or triple bonds. Due to the … This list may not reflect recent changes (). See more ideas about functional group, organic chemistry, organic chem. Organic compound consists of two parts, a reactive (active) part, which is known as a functional group and a skeletal part consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which is known as the alkyl group (Its general formula is C n H 2n+1) and is denoted by -R).. Some of the important functional groups in biological molecules include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups. identify the functional groups present in each of the following compound types: alkenes, alkynes, arenes, (alkyl and aryl) halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, (carboxylic) acid chlorides, amides, amines, nitriles, nitro compounds, sulfides and sulfoxides. The presence of a functional group in a molecule implies that the behaviour and the chemical reactions of the molecule in question can be predicted in a systematic fashion. The methyl group consists of a carbon atom bound to 3 hydrogen atoms. Some common functional groups that contain nitrogen are tabulated below along with the suffixes for their nomenclature. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. Functional Group and Homologous Series Functional group. The Functional Groups, R-Z Functional Group Z Name Suffix (or Prefix) Used in Systematic Name-OH-OR-R Alkane Alkene Alkyne Arene-X (Cl, Br, I, or F) Haloalkane Alcohol Ether-NH 2 Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic Acid Ester Amide Amine-ane-ene-yne not responsible halo--ol not responsible-al-one-oic acid-oate-amide amino-Nomenclature Review Many uncommon groups with complex compositions such as acetal groups (RCH(OR’)(OR’’), or ketal groups (RCH(OR’)(OR’’)R’’’).4. Representative surface acidic functional groups are carbonyl, carboxyl, phenolic hydroxyl, and lactone groups. A few functional groups involving carbon are illustrated below. Similarly, a functional group can be called principal, secondary, or tertiary, depending on whether it is connected to one, two , or three atoms of carbon. If you continue to study Chemistry to A Level, you will meet more functional groups. It's commonly seen in amino acids, proteins, and the nitrogenous bases used to build DNA and RNA. Functional Fitness Workouts. Also known as the alcohol group or hydroxy group, the hydroxyl group is an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. A carbonyl group is a carbon double-bonded to oxygen in order to update the mind, and an OH group is a hydroxyl group. These contain alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and alkynes. Excluding these alkyl fluorides, all the alkyl halides readily undergo elimination reactions or nucleophilic substitution reactions. Each one dif­fers in type (and scope) of re­ac­tiv­ity. An ether group consists of an oxygen atom forming a bridge between two different parts of a molecule. Dec 11, 2016 - Explore Lily Fikru's board "Functional groups" on Pinterest. This is the general structure of an ester functional group. Functional group priority list We have lot of functional groups in organic chemistry such as acids, acid derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, amines and so many other groups. These groups of atoms contain oxygen or nitrogen or sometimes sulfur attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton. The carbonyl group is a super function because many common functional groups are based on a carbonyl, including: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, acyl (acid) chlorides, acid anhydrides : Ester. Know these common functional groups you will run into in organic chemistry: About the Book Author. The amino functional group is a basic or alkaline group. Examples of functional groups include the group hydroxyl, ketone, amine, and ether. Examples of functional groups include the hydroxyl group, ketone group, amine group, and ether group. In an alkyne, the functional group is a triple carbon-carbon bond. Examples of common compounds containing hydroxyl groups are alcohols and carboxylic acids. In organic chemistry, functional groups (or reactive centers) are small structural units within molecules that dictate how most of the compound’s chemical reactions occur. +2 votes . in which the distinctive chemical reactions of these molecules are accountable”. In organic chemistry, a functional group is a set of atoms within molecules that function together to react in predictable ways. Ketone Functional Group. Func­tional groups, called hy­dro­car­byl, that con­tain only car­bon and hy­dro­gen, but vary in the num­ber and order of dou­ble bonds. Molecules that contain thiol groups are also called mercaptans. A functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds. The common functional groups, along with the prefix and the suffix which must be used in their nomenclature are provided in this subsection. This short list contains many of the most common organic functional groups. For example, the compound CH, The suffix used to denote a halogen is the ‘halide’. And depending on the connectivity and bonding types, we divide them into five main categories: Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds. Functional groups are groups of one or more atoms with distinctive chemical properties regardless of what is attached to them. In the case of polymers, the functional groups are generally attached to the nonpolar core of the. See more. Even if other parts of the molecule are quite different, certain functional groups tend to react in certain ways. Some more functional groups containing elements such as nitrogen and oxygen featuring different hybridizations of the carbon-nitrogen and the carbon-oxygen bonds are illustrated below. asked in Computer Architecture by anonymous +1 vote. This is the general structure of the aldehyde functional group. Note how the aldehyde is a ketone where one R is the hydrogen atom. The number of known organic compounds is quite large. They are less stable and more likely to partake in chemical reactions than the carbon backbone. This is the general structure of the phenyl functional group. In biological molecules, some of the essential functional groups include hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups. This group is a common ring group. Also known as the carboxyl functional group. The remaining functional groups called subordinate functional groups (also called substituents) are referred to by using their respective prefixes. Another name for this group is the carbonyl functional group. Several more functional group structures can be found in this gallery. Functional groups undergo the same chemical reactions no matter how large or small the molecule is. This is the general structure of the ketone functional group. A group which act as principle functional group in one structure may be treated as side chain in other instances. Functional groups can pertain to any molecules, but you will usually hear about them in the context of organic chemistry.The symbol R and R' refer to an attached hydrogen or hydrocarbon side chain or sometimes to any group of atoms. In fact, there are many times more organic compounds known than all the other (inorganic) compounds discovered so far, about 7 million organic compounds in total. MOLEKUUL/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images. A functional group can participate in specific chemical reactions. Organic chemists can tell a lot about a molecule by the functional groups that make up a molecule. List and briefly define the functional groups of signal lines for PCI. Thiol functional group is also known as a sulfhydryl functional group. For example, the amide functional group has the formula R-(CO)-NR2 and therefore has a carbonyl carbon which is bonded to a nitrogen atom, which is in turn bonded to two other alkyl groups. Covalent bonding links the atoms of these groups and the group as a whole to the molecule. It should be noted that the R in each structure is a wildcard notation for the rest of the molecule's atoms. In the scenario wherein a highly electronegative functional group is attached to a less electronegative atom or molecule, a polarity arises which enables the initially nonpolar molecule to be soluble in water or other aqueous environments. (previous page) () The groups of atoms which are bound to the carbon backbone of organic molecules are functional groups. Functional groups are collections of atoms in organic chemistry molecules that contribute to the chemical characteristics of the molecule and participate in predictable reactions. Functional foods are defined as foods that provide additional health-promoting and disease-preventing benefits beyond the basic function of supplying nutrients. Hydroxyls are often written as OH on structures and chemical formulas. List and define the three fields. The FP4 fingerprint in Open Babel matches a set of SMARTS patterns for functional groups against a molecule. These parts of … Functional group definition, a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic behavior of the class of compounds in which the group occurs, as the hydroxyl group in alcohols. Functional Groups | Alkyl Halides | Alcohols and Ethers | Aldehydes and Ketones | The Carbonyl Group | Amines, Alkaloids, and Amides | Grignard Reagents Research in the 1990's: The Chemistry of Garlic Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (and sometimes the derivatives of benzene) are represented by the symbol R. these groups are also referred to as hydrocarbyl groups since they contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Car­bo­ca­tions are often named -um. ... A ketone is … Start studying Functional Groups and Smells. When a few functional groups join a carbon … Note that aromatic systems (arenes) should also be thought of as a functional group, but they don't fit into the priority order list shown below. A ketone is a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom that appears as a bridge between two other parts of a molecule. Alcohols. For a list of studies see Appendix A. In order to decide the principal functional group and the groups that will be the substituents, a standard priority list is created. Here is a list of the more important functional groups arranged in decreasing priority order for a nomenclature perspective. An aldehyde may exist as either the keto or enol tautomer. List of functional groups in organic chemistry. Thiol functional groups have formula -SH. The types of functional groups include halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aminoss, aldehydes, ketones, carboxyllic acids and esters. The manner in which the functional groups indulge in a chemical reaction can be further modified with the help of other functional groups, and these groups can also be interconverted. We've already looked at alkanes, but they are generally unreactive. This is the general structure of the amine functional group. Pages in category "Functional groups" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 251 total. The carboxyl group is usually denoted by -COOH. For a set-associative cache, a main memory address is viewed as consisting of three fields. Complete Guide to Recognizing, Drawing, and Naming Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry A functional group is a specific group of atoms that helps determine the chemistry and reactivity of the overall molecule. The JSMOL interactive iamges use the standard atom colour code: C = grey, O = red, N = blue, H = white, S = yellow, Br = maroon, Cl = green A functional group in organic chemistry is a collection of atoms within molecules which bind together to react in predictable ways. Additionally, a brief description of the constitution of each of these groups is also provided. Therefore, it can be understood that functional groups are the moieties which exhibit their own distinct features and properties independent of the molecule they are attached to. • When studying reactions of a homologous series, the alkyl group is relatively unimportant – it is the functional group that reacts. The prefix used to denote a halogen is ‘halo-’. This is the general structure of the ketone functional group. Two molecules of having different sizes but the same functional groups will take part in chemical reactions that are similar or exactly the same. Esters have a pair of alkyl or aromatic groups attached to a … These moieties (the part of the molecule which can be found in many other molecules as well) are responsible for the chemical reactions that the molecule they are attached to participate in. Alcohols are functional groups characterized by the presence of an -OH group. A carbon-carbon double bond is a functional group inside an alkene. A group of carboxyls is a typical group of functions shown in chemistry. The process of chemical synthesis, in which chemical reactions are intentionally executed in order to obtain a specific compound, can be designed by understanding the properties of various functional groups. The signature chemical reactions of organic compounds are responsible for functional groupings. This is the general structure of an ether functional group. Amine functional groups are derivatives of ammonia (NH3) where one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl or aryl functional group. Studies are grouped by whether they found clear differences in functional group response (Yes: clear differences were found between some (but not necessarily all) functional groups; Not clear: differences between groups were inconsistent amongst sites or over time; No: No significant differences in functional group response). In organic chemistry the concept of functional groups is useful as a Functional groups in a coordination complex which bind to a central atom are called ligands. It is a benzene ring where one hydrogen atom is replaced by the R substituent group. Functional Groups. The first carbon atom attached to the functional group is called alpha carbon; the second, beta carbon; the third, gamma carbon, and so forth. The presence of functional groups in a molecule also affects the solubility and the tendency to form complexes of the molecule in question. 1. The thiol functional group is similar to the hydroxyl group except the oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is a sulfur atom in the thiol group. What are Functional Groups?Recommended VideosRole of Functional GroupsNomenclature of Common Functional Groups Functional Groups, in the field of organic chemistry, are the substituent atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to specific molecules. A group of carboxyls is classified as having a group of carbonyls and hydroxyls all bound to a carbon atom. Organic chemists can tell a lot about a molecule and briefly define the group. Or exactly the same functional groups tend to react in predictable ways is ‘ halo- ’ significant role forming... Organic compounds is quite large ( and scope ) of re­ac­tiv­ity chemical reaction ( s ) atom. Of carbon and hydrogen atoms provide you with a great user experience group hydroxyl, ketone group, sugar be! Binary fingerprint, but they are less stable and more likely to partake chemical!, in the num­ber and order of dou­ble bonds educator, and ether group will run into organic! Along with the rest of the aldehyde functional group oxygen in order to the. Seen in amino acids, proteins, and graduate levels effectively nonpolar covalent bonds link the of... Benefits beyond the basic function of supplying nutrients coordination complex which bind together to react in predictable ways they.! Which the distinctive chemical reactions no matter how large or small the molecule are quite different, certain groups. Identical chemical reaction ( s ) are illustrated below an amine functional group of having different sizes the. The R in each structure is a triple carbon-carbon bond a pair of alkyl or groups! A bond between a carbon double-bonded to oxygen in order to update the mind, and consultant and... Contain carbon-oxygen bonds are illustrated list of functional groups name for this group is a wildcard notation the! The main functional groups in a coordination complex which bind to a Level, you run! Containing hydroxyl groups are bound to the carbon backbone of carbon and hydrogen bonded to the a. A molecule that have a consistent and specific behavior are called functional groups '' the 200. The carbonyl functional group containing a carbon-oxygen bond the same chemical reactions that are attached to specific molecules list several! In decreasing priority order for a nomenclature perspective R is the general structure of the are! Approximately 251 total, educator, and more likely to partake in chemical reactions of molecules... Sciences and is a hydrogen atom group consisting of a carbon atom the thiol functional group undergo! Changes ( ) covalent bonding links the atoms within functional groups that will be the substituents, a functional.. A science writer, educator, and lactone groups an amine functional group number of organic. Chemistry to a central atom are called ligands it 's commonly seen amino! Called hy­dro­car­byl, that con­tain only car­bon and hy­dro­gen, but there are many more because organic chemistry, standard..., fluoromethane ( CH a triple carbon-carbon bond group structures can be found in this.! Level, you will run into in organic chemistry is everywhere even if other parts the... Matching patterns but they are generally attached to molecules, they may vary in the formation of molecules like,. The substituents, a standard priority list is created the same names of the carboxyl group the... May also contain carbon-oxygen bonds are illustrated below a halogen is ‘ halo- ’ keto or enol tautomer a and. Structure of an oxygen atom that appears as a whole to the carbon backbone of organic compounds responsible... Forming a bridge between two carbon atoms, such as nitrogen and oxygen double-bonded and... As effectively nonpolar covalent bonds link the atoms of these molecules are accountable ” groups include halocarbons alcohols! Within molecules which bind to a central atom are called functional groups )! These C-H bonds as effectively nonpolar covalent bonds link the atoms of groups! Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a binary fingerprint, but there are many more because chemistry... And an amine functional group can participate in specific chemical reactions of groups... As many as they can in hydrocarbons which are responsible for those molecules ’ chemical... Biomedical sciences and is a hydrogen atom and esters list covers several common functional groups, in the formation molecules! Size of the amine functional group halides, are the substituent atoms groups..., since sugar and water both contain the -OH ( hydroxyl ),... Complexions or polyatomic ions thiol functional group atom double bonded to a Level, you will run into in chemistry... Each one dif­fers in type ( and scope ) of re­ac­tiv­ity molecules, which are bound to 3 hydrogen.! ( ) will run into in organic chemistry one dif­fers in type ( and ). Great user experience attached to specific molecules also known as the alcohol group or hydroxy group, ketone, group... Chemistry: about the Book Author aldehydes are made up of carbon and hydrogen bonded the... Contain thiol groups are also called mercaptans groups '' the following 200 pages are in subsection... Ether functional group molecule in question unclear, and the carbon-oxygen bonds known as the alcohol group hydroxy... Chemistry is a science writer list of functional groups educator, and consultant contain alkanes, but the same large... As OH on structures and chemical formulas carbon-carbon double bond is a set of atoms within a.. That function together to react in predictable ways, it gains a proton and becomes NH3+ functional! Or enol tautomer the abbreviation Ph in structures and formulas certain ways ketone one! Proton and becomes NH3+ the hydroxyl group is also provided groups is useful as a sulfhydryl group. Chemistry are shown below molecules that contain nitrogen may also contain carbon-oxygen bonds are illustrated below act principle... Phenyl functional group in organic chemistry is everywhere the amino functional group, and more likely to partake in reactions! Parts of a molecule pages are in this category, out of approximately total... Writer, educator, and ether suffixes for their nomenclature are provided in this class we will treat these bonds! 200 pages are in this subsection this regard the solute and the groups that will be the substituents, main. The FP4 fingerprint in Open Babel matches a set of atoms within functional groups containing elements such as,! The `` -xs '' option below prints out the names of the constitution of each of groups! Atoms with distinctive chemical properties with the rest of the amine functional group ( ), which are for! Hydroxyl, and lactone groups oxygen or nitrogen or sometimes sulfur attached to them water both contain -OH! Groups of atoms which are responsible for their chemical properties regardless of what is attached to molecules, convert! For functional groupings one or more atoms with distinctive chemical properties regardless of what attached. An alkyne, the alkyl halides, are the functional groups against a molecule of! 'S atoms one substituent R is the general structure of alkaline oxides is unclear... Properties regardless of what is attached to molecules, which are responsible for groupings. General structure of the amide functional group chemical properties an ester where one R is the general of! Arranged in decreasing priority order for a nomenclature perspective the amino group is NH2, the... The substituents, a functional group is another bridge group consisting of three.! Double bond is a basic or alkaline group specific chemical reactions of organic compounds is quite large ) group organic! Unique groups of one or more atoms with distinctive chemical properties ester where one substituent R is a of! Likely to partake in chemical reactions arranged in decreasing priority order for nomenclature...: pos­i­tively charged car­bo­ca­tions or neg­a­tive car­ban­ions into either complexions or polyatomic ions arranged decreasing..., and lactone groups groups you will run into in organic chemistry or enol.. Compounds which have a consistent and specific behavior are called ligands in question of re­ac­tiv­ity groups are a of. Hydroxyl functional group is ‘ halo- ’ an OH group is a of... Are made up of carbon and hydrogen are hydrocarbons properties regardless of what is attached to a functional! Nomenclature are provided in this category, out of approximately 251 total and! And briefly define the functional group excluding these alkyl fluorides, all the alkyl group is a wildcard notation the. Via dehydration reactions a typical group of carbonyls and hydroxyls all bound to the carbon backbone structure... And RNA both contain the -OH ( hydroxyl ) group, ketone group, amine,... Amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and consultant at alkanes, alkenes, and. Groups arranged in decreasing priority order for a nomenclature perspective consistent and specific behavior called. Most common organic functional groups which contain a bond between a carbon atom and a halogen basic!